UV Mapping
UV mapping is the listing, planning/ plotting “Mapping” of coordinates over 3d plains in relation to 2d space.
The mapping uses the letters U and V to indicate the axes in 2D and using these locations can accurately place and wrap the 2d space around the 3d object
Texturing and shaders
A texture is a 2D image consisting of a digital painting or some form of pattern and or finish that once mapped via the UV mapper is then ‘Wrapped’ around the 3d models surface.
A shader is a group of functions that actually tells the renderer how to draw the surface. A shader can have a texture or 2d image mixed in amongst all its other functions and help it project the reflective or rough surface that would best help display its intended properties. Eg. the wood texture down bellow could have a more reflective surface to give the look of a polished lacquered finish the carpet would have a matte coarse finish to give the look of cloth.
Rigging
3D rigging is creating a skeleton with a series of joints and hinges to allow planes of movement within the model without having unnecessary amounts distortion and limiting unnatural movements. rigging is a key component to the 3d animation pipeline as animators rely on the rigging so animate the models quickly and efficiently.
Rigging isn’t just limited to limbs but can be set up in facial muscles of higher definition character models to make animating them easier and more lifelike.
References
Charged and Ready 